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Now, you and I will be dancing on the border between life and death

Smoking affects gum health in multiple ways simultaneously: It reduces blood flow to the gum tissue, impairing the immune response and healing capacity It suppresses the function of neutrophils and macrophages the immune cells that fight the bacteria causing gum disease It alters the composition of bacteria in the dental plaque, favouring the species most associated with aggressive periodontitis It reduces the mouths salivary flow, which normally helps neutralise bacterial acids and wash debris from tooth surfaces The result is that smokers are significantly more likely to develop gum disease, experience more rapid bone loss when they do, and respond less well to periodontal treatment

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Similar content being viewed by others Log in or create a free account to read this content Gain free access to this article, as well as selected content from this journal and more on nature.com or References Benowitz N L, Hukkanen J, Jacob III P