The 4 stages of B12 deficiency include (31): Stage 1: decreased levels of vitamin B12 in your blood Stage 2: low levels of vitamin B12 in your cells along with metabolic abnormalities Stage 3: neurological and psychological symptoms like anxiety, confusion, problems with balance, and others Stage 4: macrocytic anemia very large red blood cells (32) B12 deficiency can cause a variety of symptoms, including fatigue, headaches, depression, pale or yellow skin, mental impairment, and pain and inflammation in the mouth and tongue
Here riboflavin supports overall enzymatic capacity and mitigates downstream imbalances by enhancing cofactor availability
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LC-MS/MS measurements were performed using a QTRAP 6500 mode (AB Sciex, CA, USA) equipped with a Turbo V electrospray ion source and coupled to a Perkin Elmer Series 200 micro-LC system (Massachusetts, USA)