This interaction promotes M2 macrophage polarization, enhancing pro-tumorigenic phenotypes ( 4.3 Macrophage-ferroptosis immunometabolism Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and ferroptotic cancer cells engage in a highly integrated, bidirectional metabolic dialogue that shapes immune outcomes and determines tumor ( + , increased transferrin receptor (TfR1) expression, and restricted ferroportin activity, thereby enriching the tumor microenvironment (TME) with redox-active iron ( Ferroptotic cancer cells reciprocally influence macrophage states by releasing DAMPs (HMGB1), oxidized phosphatidylethanolamines (SAPE-OOH), iron-loaded vesicles, and lipid peroxidation products that serve as signals to recruit, polarize, or reprogram macrophages ( Figure 5
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Repeated freezethaw cycles should be avoided, as they accelerate degradation
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