From early acid-driven magnesium-based micromotors for gastric ulcer treatment, which utilize gastric acid to generate hydrogen bubbles for propulsion and local drug release [43], to the emergence of multifunctional MNMs today (e.g., bacteria-driven microrobots targeting gut microbiota for IBD therapy [44]), these advancements highlight the potential of MNMs to improve drug bioavailability, reduce systemic toxicity, and enhance patient compliance, holding promise to revolutionize the treatment of digestive system diseases
589 It also induces synovial fibroblasts to produce proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF- and cell adhesion molecules such as VCAM-1, TSP1, and CXCL12, thereby promoting inflammation
Conflicting results exits on the association between DPP-4 inhibitors and risk of IBD with one study showing increased risk of IBD in patients treated with DPP-4 inhibitors [15] and another study showing no association [16]
Kraus 2014 NNMT knockdown reference study