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Most protocols call for 1-3 sessions spaced 4-6 weeks apart
Functioning as a potent exercise mimetic, this small-molecule compound enhances mitochondrial function, fatty acid oxidation, and oxidative muscle fiber composition, thereby improving exercise endurance, cardiac metabolic efficiency, and systemic energy expenditure without increasing food intake 1-4
VIP exerts its effects by binding to specific G-protein coupled receptors, notably VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors, which are present in various tissues including the brain, gastrointestinal tract, and immune system [3]
All rats used in this study were kept at a humidity of 50%60% and a temperature of 25C, with food and water being freely accessible
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